Effect of the American Revolution on Native American groups Research Paper

Effect of the American Revolution on Native American groups - Research Paper Example The Native Americans had no centralized governance that can unite the whole country. In addition, they also had no laws. With this, Europeans described the Native Americans as barbaric or savage. Although the Native Americans had their own civilization, the Europeans still considered it as something backward as compared to their own civilization. This perspective became the reason of the Europeans to colonize America.2 Parts of America became a colony of the Spanish a year after Columbus’ discovery of it. There had been major changes in America. Since the reasons of Spanish in colonizing other territories included â€Å"glory, gold and God†, the major changes in the American Indians’ lives happened in these areas. In this era, Native Americans first acquired their religion, Catholicism.3 America was rich in resources and this attracted more colonizers, which included French and Dutch people. Also, the colonizers started mixing or forming marriage with the Native Americans.4 All colonizers of America contributed to the development of the nation. Each colonizer has its own perspective of living that has been imparted to the Native Americans. Also, one of the major contributors in civilization of the Americans was the English nation. The English nationals brought Protestantism in America. They also introduced the notion of â€Å"conqueror† to the Americans. Also, they started the slavery of the â€Å"blacks†. The English brought Africans to America and treated them as slaves working in the agricultural sector.5 It can be seen that colonialism greatly affected Americans. From being â€Å"behind† and â€Å"savage†, the Americans acquired religion, improved food system and governance from their colonizers which shaped the identity of the Americans. However, they did not settle as a colony only. America acquired freedom from their colonizers and became a nation. The Americans revolted against their colonizers and strugg led to achieve independence.6 From the revolution, Americans developed their definition of freedom. Americans worked to improve the view of the nation in terms of slavery. America became United States of America after the revolution.7 The development of country was soon observed. There were issues concerning the nation that the leaders started to encounter such as the establishment of the government and different social issues (e.g. gender issues) that started to rise and affect the development of the country. The Americans applied what they learned from the past years of being a colony to their newfound freedom. The building of the nation was much improved, laws were made and disputed. Slavery was reformed and people became more educated. After being colonized, America enlarged the nation’s territory also. Although the slavery had been reformed, it was not enough to eliminate slavery especially in the non-white settlers of United States of America. The people’s belief on their race heightened and expanded outward their territory. The US expanded their territory to the West. The Americans viewed their own race to be more important than that of the people with different skin color. They felt that it was a Divine right to extend their territory and the other

Computer Sciences and Information Technology Essay - 6

Computer Sciences and Information Technology - Essay Example This project declares that technology has created its impacts on education and training. People who use social networking websites on a daily basis, posting minute to minute updates, people who listen to music wherever they go on the most latest gadget in the market, people who feel handicapped without such technologies; these people are referred to as the digital natives. Digital natives are those that are born into the culture of technology. Since the day they were born, they have seen technology, observed it, seen its advancement and have the opportunity to gain hand on experience on them. This paper stresses that the digital natives follow a culture that is irrespective of age and is shared by all the millenials. This culture is dependent on certain characteristic that is accompanied by certain incidents that the native experience while growing up in a technological environment and this effects how they deal with the people, institutions and with everything that does not belong to the digital era. There are many educators who are excited about the new generation of students entering various educational institutions. These people have seen technology all their life. This research was conducted on the digital natives themselves and how it affected their education and social skills. There are many institutions that have trained the lecturers to teach online due to increased demand by the students. Many of the Americans are bicultural and live on two cultures in their life.

An Overview of Anti-Discriminatory Legislation

An Overview of Anti-Discriminatory Legislation The Employment Discrimination Act looks for preventing the discrimination on the basis of sex, race, national origin, religion, age, and physical disability by the owners of the company. The increasing law’s body also works for the prevention of discrimination in employment on the base of sexual orientation. Practice of discrimination includes job assignment, bias in hiring, termination, promotion, retaliation, compensation, and different sort of employment harassment. The main body of this act comprises of state and federal statutes. The US constitution and some other state’s constitution offer extra protection when employer is governmental body and therefore government has taken numerous important steps for fostering the practices of discrimination in the workplace. Federal Employment Statutes Prohibiting Discrimination Further centralized remedies are determined in the Section 1981 of the U.S. Code in order to prevent persecution and intended perception in the place of work. Modified in 1991,  § 1981 actually offers the necessary features in order to provide an unlike influence privilege and allows adjudicators to honor compensatory and disciplinary compensations in circumstances of premeditated discrimination. Additional, the Supreme Court of United States has taken  § 1981 in recent to suggest such a private source of act for revenge claims that usually based on race (Issacharoff Nelson, 2000). A revenge statement which is based on race is that sort of act in which proprietor has reacted in contradiction of a member of staff for devising earlier filed an objection about the discrimination in the race. In the Civil Rights Act of 1964, heading VII forbids discrimination in any sort of aspect regarding the relationship of the employment. The Act disallows any sort of discrimination either it is based on color, race, religion, national origin or sex. In the same way, Sex contains pregnancy, giving birth or as well as related therapeutic conditions. It usually declares it unlawful for employers to differentiate in relation to discharging, contracting, recompensing, or in other words offering the situations, and constitutional rights of occupation. Moreover hiring organizations may not differentiate in case of referring any applicant. The Act also forbids labor societies from centering association or unification categorizations which are based on color, race, religion, national origin or sex. Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts In the year 1993, the Nineteenth Century Civil Rights Acts was amended, and make sure that every individual has equal rights beneath the shade of this discrimination law, and list the available damages to plaintiffs and took under the Title 7 of the â€Å"Civil Rights Act†, ADA (American with Disabilities Act), and the Rehabilitation Act of 1964, 1990, and 1973 respectively (Shoben, 2003). Equal Pay Act The Fair Labor Standard Act of 1963 was amended by the Equal Pay Act. It prohibits the unions and employers from paying unequal wages on the basis of sex of employee; but not prohibits the discrimination practice in hiring. It calls for workers to be paid equally if they have equal works that require equal effort, responsibility, and skill. Age Discrimination in Employment Act This act prohibits the employer from employment discrimination based on age. This prohibition practice is approximately parallel to those practices that are listed in the Title VII, and offers protection to employees from discrimination up to the age of forty. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act is comprised of clear principle regarding retirement plans, pension, and other benefits. In the course of 2007 to 2008, statute was clarified by the Supreme Court of U.S, in three different areas: Disparate impact for filed claims under Age Discrimination in Employment Act. Employees by which the Intake Questionnaire is submitted. Personal suit of revenge by complainants. The Rehabilitation Act The objective of the Rehabilitation Act is to increase opportunities of employment in the public and private sectors both just for the physically and mentally disabled people by affirmative action programs regarding and elimination of discrimination. The employers included in the Act are among the agencies of federal government and also the workers who are receiving federal contracts above $2500 or financial assistance by the federal government. The section 793 of the Act which is handed over to the employment under the federal contracts is being in action by the Department of labor (Clermont Schwab, 2009). The section 794 of the Act which is handed over to organizations that are receiving federal assistance is being in action by The Department of Justice. The act being against to federal employees and federal agencies that publish the rules regarding to the employment of the disabled persons keep in force by The EEOC. American with Disabilities Act In order to eradicate discrimination against handicaps, Congress represented the American with Disabilities. It prevents discrimination that is based on a physical or mental disability by workers involved in commerce and governments of the state. ADA prevents discrimination much widely and broadly as compare to the demonstrably outlined by title VII (Ziegert Hanges, 2005). Black Lung Act Discrimination done by the mine workers against the miners who suffer from the disease of black lung i.e. pneumoconiosis eradicates by The Black Lung Act. Equal Payment Act The elucidation of the Title 7 of Americans with Disabilities Act, Equal Payment Act, and ADEA is being done by EEOC. The development of The Commission was done by Title VII. Section 2000e-5 of Title 42 consists of the provisions for enforcement, and Title 29 Part 1614 of the Code of Federal Regulations includes its rules, regulations and guidelines (Shoben, 2003). The employers who are left behind by those enactments which provide high protection from employment discrimination by the federal acts, similarly these enactments also involve in providing protection from employment discrimination by extending those laws which is present in the federal act. Groups who were left behind and not covered by the federal act is now being protected by the other statutes. Enactments of number of states give safety for individuals performing civil or family duties external to their normal employment. References Clermont, K. M., Schwab, S. J. (2009). Employment discrimination plaintiffs in federal court: From bad to worse. Harv. L. Poly Rev., 3, 103. Issacharoff, S., Nelson, J. (2000). Discrimination with a Difference: Can Employment Discrimination Law Accomodate the Americans with Disabilities Act. NCL Rev., 79, 307. Shoben, E. W. (2003). Disparate Impact Theory in Employment Discrimination: Whats Griggs Still Good For-What Not. Brandeis LJ, 42, 597. Ziegert, J. C., Hanges, P. J. (2005). Employment discrimination: the role of implicit attitudes, motivation, and a climate for racial bias. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(3), 553.

Comparing The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and A&P :: comparison compare contrast essays

Huck Finn and A+P Â   In the novel Huckleberry Finn, Huck goes through many adventures on the Mississippi River. He escapes from Pap and sails down a ways with an escaped slave named Jim. Huck goes through a moral conflict of how wrong it is to be helping Jim escape to freedom. Eventually Huck decides he will go against what society thinks and help Jim by stealing him from a farmer with the help of Tom Sawyer, a friend. In A+P the young man, Sammy, is confronted with an issue when he sees his manager expel some girls from the store he worked in simply because of their defiance to its dress code. In his rebellion against the owner, the boy decides to quit his job and make a scene to defend the rights he feels are being violated. In these stories, both the boys are considered superior to the authority that they are defying because of the courage that it took for Huck to free Jim, and for Sammy to quit his job for the girls because it was what they believed in. Â   Why would anyone in his or her right mind even think about freeing a slave? Everyone in the society was telling Huck that slaves were no more than ones property, but Huck began to question this belief when he got to know the property for who it really was. During the story there are many times when Huck feels an obligation to turn Jim in to the authorities and just get on with his life, but his conscience kept telling him that this man is a real person. Near the end of the story, Jim was stuck in a holding cell, since he had run away. After much consideration of the situation, Huck decides that he wants to free Jim because he believes that he shouldn't be treated that way. Even though the entire town believes that Jim should be contained and treated like property, Huck still sticks to his morals and goes along with the plan that could get him in trouble or even killed. At the end of the story we find out that Jim had always been free, and we now find Huck's actions to be heroic and noble.

Low Voter Turnout in the United States Essay

Throughout American history, there has been a steady decline in voter turnout. Not only has this been â€Å"humiliating† for the United States, low voter turnout has been and always will be a threat to American Democracy. The concept of democracy is dependent on citizens actively participating in elections and voting to select representatives for public office. The government cannot be representative of the people, unless the people elect its representatives. Voter turnout is a major indicator of how citizens view their electoral system, and whether or not they believe that the system is working. There are numerous factors that impede voter turnout, including: citizens’ political attitudes, demographic factors, and the structure of the electoral system. The established registration process is one of the main causes of low voter turnout in the United States. Unlike many democracies, â€Å"the United States places the burden of registration on the individual† (Vanishing Voter, 7). There are no penalties for citizens that do not register or vote in American elections. Some propose that requiring citizens to vote and imposing penalties on those who fail to do so will increase voter turnout. The dilemma with this proposal is that it is fundamentally undemocratic. Citizens of democratic societies are promised the right to vote. In guaranteeing the right to vote, citizens are guaranteed the right not to vote as well. There are better solutions to the problem of low voter turnout in the United States than enacting compulsory voting laws. America has not established a national system of automatic registration; procedures for voter registration differ from state to state. A universal system of voter registration would make it much more simple for people to vote. The problem with this solution is that automatically registering people to vote does not imply that they will actually go out and vote. Six states have enacted a good solution, same day registration, which has been proven to increase voter turnout anywhere from 10 to 17 percent (Donovan, 182). Same day voter registration allows qualified citizens to register to vote on the day that elections are held. Because many states do not allow same day registration, many Americans do not take the time and effort to register in the first place; same day registration helps to solve this  problem. The registration process and electoral system also creates a problem of convenience. Not only is the registration process inconvenient, Election Day itself is problematic. Election day is held on a Tuesday, impeding the majority of the population from voting due to work-related duties and responsibilities. The solution for this problem is to make Election Day a national holiday. If citizens did not have the responsibility to be at work, they would be much more likely to find time and take the effort to go out and vote. Other solutions have been offered, including: extending the voting period, enacting absentee ballot systems, and voting by mail. While all of these other solutions have made it easier, cheaper and more convenient for citizens to vote, the costs do not fully outweigh the benefits. In any kind of early voting solution, the biggest concern is that early voters vote without knowing all of the significant information needed to make a well-informed vote. Many occurrences and revelations come at the end of the campaigns and can no longer influence voters that have already voted and cannot change their selection. A voter’s political attitude is the biggest indicator of whether or not he or she will vote. â€Å"Interest in the election, concern over outcome, feelings of civic pride, and political efficacy [all] affect how people vote† (Wayne, 83). Throughout American history, there has been a decline in partisan identification. Party allegiance is a stimulus for voting. Since citizens are not as loyal to partisanship as they were in the past, they have less incentive to actually go out and vote in elections. â€Å"As a group, independents are 12 percent less likely to vote than are strong partisans† (Wayne, 83). Along with the decline in party identification, interest in political campaigns has been declining steadily overtime as well. In today’s society, politics is forced to compete with so many other things in the media or at home for people’s attention. Media audiences are more interested in human-interest and celebrity stories than they are in politics. Because of this, election coverage in the media has greatly declined. The media’s coverage of the election is dominated by the use of  negative advertising and attack journalism. The frequent use of negative advertising in the media has played a role in America’s declining voter turnout. These negative advertisements repel potential voters; causing them to lose interest in the political campaign. Along with negative advertising, the lack of competition between candidates has also decreased political interests and led to low voter turnout. Low political efficacy has greatly reduced voter turnout in the United States. Voter efficacy is the belief that one’s vote counts and that voters can change the way government works or public officials behave (Wayne, 83). There are many factors affecting voter efficacy, including education and income. Income plays a major role in voter turnout. With the expansion of poverty in the United States, the gap between the rich and the poor is steadily growing. Citizens of lower income typically have lower voter efficacy. They are also less concerned with the outcome of the election than citizens of higher income levels, therefore, many of these people simply choose not to vote because they feel that they will not be affected by the outcome of the election. Income, education, and likelihood to vote are all positively correlated; more educated citizens have higher income levels and are much more likely to vote. Education is the greatest influence on voting behavior. â€Å"It provides people with the skills for processing and evaluating information; for perceiving differences among the parties, candidates, and issues; and for relating these differences to personal values and behavior† (Wayne, 83). The more educated a citizen is, the more interested they are in the election and the more concerned they are with the outcome. Educated citizens also have a great sense of civic pride and higher voter efficacy. All of these factors combined lead to a much higher likelihood of a person to actually turnout and vote. To increase political education, some propose conducting citizen education campaigns. The goal of these campaigns is to educate the people on the benefits and responsibility involved with voting. The main problem with this solution is that it is easier said than done. It is very hard to persuade  nonvoters to take the time and make the effort to educate themselves on the reasons why they should vote. A better way to increase education and voter turnout is to encourage grassroots campaigns. These â€Å"get-out-the-vote† campaigns help motivate interest in elections with nonvoters and can influence them to vote, increasing voter turnout. Neither conducting citizen education campaigns nor encouraging grassroots campaigns can promise an increase in voter turnout, but both can help influencing citizens to vote and possibly lead to higher voter turnout in the United States. Low voter turnout is a big problem in the United States. According to Wayne, â€Å"Low turnout suggests that people may be alienated, lack faith in the candidate and parties, think that the government is and will remain unresponsive to their needs and interests, and believe that they cannot achieve change through the electoral process† (Wayne, 85). The voter turnout problem is very hard to solve because low voter turnout itself leads to less voting. The numerous factors that impede voter turnout include: citizens’ political attitudes, demographic factors, and the structure of the electoral system. Some of the impediments are structural, but the most influential impediments are caused by other factors, such as the media, political campaigns, and the American citizens. Overall, the benefits of increasing voter turnout greatly outweigh the costs of doing so. While some proposed solutions may work better than others, it is most important to change voter’s attitudes about politics and make it more convenient for American’s to both register and vote. Higher voter turnout will reverse the relentless cycle of low voter turnout and help lead to a more representative democracy. Bibliography 1. The Road to the White House 2008. 8th edition. Stephen J. Wayne. 20082. Reforming the Republic: Democratic Institutions for the New America. Todd Donowan and Shaun Bowler. 2004

Political Science Essay

†¢ State and local governments are directly involved in our daily lives. †¢ The story of states and localities over the past two decades has been one of transformation. They have shed their backward ways, reformed their institutions, and emerged as capable and proactive. †¢ State resurgence is exemplified in improved revenue systems, the expanded scope of state operations, faster diffusion of innovations, more interjurisdictional cooperation, and increased national–state conflict. †¢ Several persistent challenges dog states and localities: fiscal stress, interjurisdictional competition, and political corruption. †¢ The United States is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. The increase in population in Sunbelt states such as Nevada and Arizona outpaces the rest of the nation. Meanwhile, negative growth characterized North Dakota and Louisiana from 2000 to 2008. †¢ An outbreak of culture wars is redefining the politics of some communities and states. †¢ As a whole, the states are diverse, competitive, and resilient. Their increased capacity to govern effectively has been sorely tested in the first decade of the twenty-first century. Chapter 2 U.S. federalism is an ongoing experiment in governance. †¢ A fundamental question is, what is the proper balance of power and responsibility between the national government and the states? †¢ Actions of the courts, Congress, and the executive branch have expanded powers of the national government. †¢ Over time, the trend has generally been in the direction of a stronger national government. Beginning in the early 1980s, however, there was a resurgence of the state and local governments as political and policy actors. †¢ The power relationships among the three levels of government are described by various models, including dual and cooperative relationships among the three levels of government. federalism. The operative model is cooperative federalism, under the variant known as new federalism. A key concept in federalism is intergovernmental relations, particularly financial relationships among the three levels of government. †¢ The national government imposes certain controversial requirements on grants-in aid, including mandates and pre-emptions. http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml †¢Executive Branch The executive branch of the government is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land. The president, vice president, department heads (cabinet members), and heads of independent agencies carry out this mission. †¢Judicial Branch Courts decide arguments about the meaning of laws and how they are applied. They also decide if laws violate the Constitution—this is known as judicial review, and it is how federal courts provide checks and balances on the legislative and executive branches. †¢Legislative Branch Article I of the Constitution establishes the legislative or law making branch of government. It has a two-branch Congress—the Senate and the House of Representatives—and agencies that support Congress.